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Abstract Education is a process of simple learning and knowledge process. Education begins on the edge of the mother. Education is very important for all people. The existence of a man without education is similar to earthly. Budget resources for education are very low. There are smaller schools and colleges for women's education and training. The importance of training and developing this conference is a group of students who want to attend school. When it comes to the globalization of primary education, both countries have this problem. The researchers' statement about this problem "constitutes a social and cultural barrier for the higher education of women". To find out what's going on in girl education. Examine the barriers facing women's exposure to higher education. This problem analyzes different problems of women in higher education. Strengthening the position of women can be strengthened through higher education. However, increasing access to education does not only mean the academic achievements of girls. The government should have a bigger barrier. The government should have the right to equal funding for women's higher education. Keywords: Female Education, Educated Parents, Uneducated Parents, Traditional Society, Culture, Traditions, Unequal Education Access, Financial Resources

Islamiyat is not a modern concept in Pakistan. It is being taught in Pakistan as compulsory subject for many years after the birth of Pakistan. As a Muslim, it is our religious duty to learn it’s all concepts that’s why the Punjab government has declared it as a separate subject for all schools and the Nazara Quran in the framework of the SNC. It was lacking in all educational policies. Nazara Quran as a compulsory subject will help the students to develop the positive changes as per needs of our religion. Textbooks play an important role in this regard. This study was designed to explore the content analysis of the Islamiyat of class 5th session 2019-2020 and 2021-2022(SNC syllabus). The finding of the study examined those textbooks where significant differences in contents between the two books. Some new things are added and somethings are deleted. Main thing of SNC syllabus Islamiyat book is that Khatamun Nabyeen (S.A.W.) is placed along with our beloved Prophet Hazarat Muhammad (S.A.W) which is the most important addition being follower of the last Prophet (S.A.W). During the content analysis we have fined some similarities between these two books like promoting the Islamic. Booth books have the ability to develop moral values in our students to lead the life according to Islam. These books also promote the concept of unity, brotherhood, punctuality and love with nation and country. Keywords: Religious Duty, Khatamun Nabyeen (S.A.W), Nazara Quran, Unity, Brotherhood

Emotional intelligence abilities are present in most persons, but they are not observable. They have an impact on our ability to control behavior, handle social challenges, and make effective personal choices. Teachers' emotional intelligence abilities are wonderful components of the teaching process. These are extremely important in terms of student motivation and the student-teacher interaction. Every student is different in terms of motivation and the student-teacher interaction. Similarly, some kids are able to form positive teacher-student interactions while others are unable. These gaps can be filled by a teacher's emotional intelligence skills. This study aimed to look at the Impact of teachers' emotional intelligence abilities on student motivation and their interaction with students in secondary school classrooms. The research was quantitative in nature. Data on emotional intelligence abilities of teachers, the teacher-student connection, and motivation of student was collected using a survey approach. SPSS-20 was used for the quantitative analysis. To examine the impact of a teacher's emotional intelligence abilities on student motivation and the teacher-student interaction, the Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used. The tables below show the data analysis and interpretations. The impacts of instructors' emotional intelligence competencies on student motivation and the student-teacher interaction were investigated using a regression test. The findings of this research indicated that emotional intelligence abilities of teachers have a substantial impact on student motivation and the student-teacher interaction.

Higher education of any country is an important factor in the development of that country either economic, social, or technical. COVID-19, similar to various other parts of daily life, has had a significant influence on students, teachers, and organizations of academic institutions in the world. COVID-19 effected the institutions such as schools, colleges and universities around the world. This pandemic has shifted the mode of education of higher education from face to face or traditional classes to online classes. This online class is preferred by some of the students and teachers and some prefer the traditional classes. The purpose of the study was to identify the effectiveness of real life and virtual life at university level. Objectives of the study were to identify the student’s opinion about real life and virtual life at university level. Design of the study based on qualitative research method. An interview schedule was used as an instrument of this research. All public universities of Sargodha were included in population. Simple convenient sampling technique was used in this research. The results showed that traditional teaching and learning is more preferred by students. This could be due to any reason such as lack of good internet, lack of knowledge about different online functions.

This qualitative research aims to explore how students in a single autonomous institution of Sargodha were affected by FOMO (Fear of Missing Out). It was common during the COVID-19 pandemic, and it has been characterized as "a constant fear that others may be experiencing gratifying experiences that one is losing out on that one is missing out on". Six students were interviewed one-on-one in semi-structured interviews from the first and third semesters. It showed that during COVID-19, students had surprising grassroots support systems that were mostly isolated from one another, such as their fellow students in university. They missed events with peers and fellows and remain confused during pandemic but the significance of social media also added in fear of missing out due to its use during COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers recommend that students should be taught how to manage the situation emotionally when confronted with crises. Students in higher education, as well as people of all ages, could benefit from resilience-building programs. One of the most effective ways for students is to cope with the problems that have a strong sense of self and who is positive and resilient in such type of situations.

A most vital aspect that needs to be ensured is that children, who are definitely one of the most profound and irreplaceable components of any society, receive defense and protection from the adverse conditions and problems that might seem as a ramification of the poor decisions taken by their parents in regards to their children’s socialization. These less than apt or appropriate decisions can undoubtedly lead to the desiccation and dilapidation of that specific potency within children that is vital for facing the challenges of society. To put it concisely, such decisions affect the social prowess that a child entails. This study aimed to bring about a better understanding regarding the effectualness of Parents' decision-making in pertinence to their children from both upper and lower class. An endeavor has been made here to understand which class holds more promise in making decisions that reinforce their children adequately against the challenges of society.

Educational policies as well as documents of curriculum in various countries endorse the social and moral development among learner; as a cross-curriculum aim which is the central goal of educational process. Subjects, like Islamic studies, Languages and Social studies are prerequisite which contributes in Moral as well as Social Development of the pupils. Literature indicated that the textbook plays a vital role in development of Moral and Social values of children. The major aim of current study is to analyze the content related to Moral and Social development in the existing English textbook of Single National Curriculum (SNC) 5th grade published by Punjab Textbook Board (PTBB) to examine its effectiveness. In Qualitative method, Conceptual Content Analysis was used to examine the “Social and Moral Development values” in the existing English textbook of SNC 5th grade. This study focuses on the embedded themes about Social and Moral values in English textbook of 5th grade of Punjab Textbook Board (PTBB), Lahore. The study had to explore possible answers to the following research question: What Moral and Social Development values are included in SNC 5th grade English textbook? Current study concluded that there are twelve main “Moral and Social development values “existing in SNC 5th grade English textbook. On the basis of finding, it is recommended that ‘Social Etiquettes’, ‘Global Concern’, ‘Religious Influence’, ‘Compassion’ and Participatory Citizenship’ values should be adequately incorporated in the content of SNC 5th grade English textbook.

The effectiveness of educational system and permanence of knowledge transmission has increased due to the integration of technological tools. It improved the student teacher relationship and augmented overall educational environment. The aim of this study was to find the effect of using technology tools on students’ academic attitude and achievement in primary schools. The current study used stratified sampling technique to draw the sample. Total 500 male and female students of public primary schools of Sargodha district were the sample of this study. In each stratum we have taking 20% sample of primary public schools which include both Male and Female. This selected sample was specifically consisted on urban areas of these Tehsils. At third stage, primary public schools of these selected areas were selected randomly. A questionnaire was developed which comprising seven points Likert scale. The data was analyzed through descriptive, t-test, ANOVA, correlation and regression. Results showed non-significant difference between male and female with respect to academic attitude, however, a significant gender difference was found regarding the intrinsic motivation among primary school students. Hence it may be concluded that using technology tools, they got a direction to learn more effectively and improve their learning skills.

This study is an endeavor to investigations “Awareness and attitude of educated female youth regarding women rights: A Study of Female of BZU, Multan City”. The primary target of this work was to see the degree of mindfulness about conjugal freedoms among educated women and to check the degree of training of the privileges of women giving by Islam. The fundamental objectives for the present study included to test out the height of practices of the right of the women specified by Islam as well as to observe the level of consciousness regarding marital rights and property rights among educated women. Furthermore, the relation between the level of education and women empowerment was also being explored. For this reason, females were chosen for information assortment and sample size was confined to 120 females of BZU Multan. Simple random sampling technique was utilized for the study. Questionnaire was utilized as a tool for data compilation. For estimating purpose, Likert scale was utilized to uncover the causal connection between ladies’ mindfulness and their freedoms. The investigation discovered that the female understudy’s contrast in familiarity with lady privileges. It was concluded that there is noteworthy dissimilarity in student awareness of educational right with respect of discipline as well as noteworthy distinction in student awareness of health with respect of degree level.

The development of a country is associated with the quality of its educational institutions. According to the Article 25-A of constitution of the Pakistan, free and compulsory school education is the fundamental right of every individual. However, the quality of science education particularly in the public sector schools has always been under the discussion. The purpose of the current paper was to study the perception of the secondary school students about extra coaching classes after the regular school time. The population of this study was taken from the secondary public and private schools and ten schools were taken as sample size. Results indicated that students were given satisfactory response during data collection about extra coaching classes. Students taking extra coaching classes, become active learner due to the sympathetic and kind behavior of their teachers. Conversely, the negative behavior and non-cooperative attitude of the teachers negatively effects the students thus making them passive, boring failed in getting desirable learning goals. Due to these reasons, students need proper guidance and counseling to remove these difficulties and improve their grades and personality. Further finding indorsed that negative behavior of teacher become the barrier between students and success at secondary school level. Keywords: Guidance, counseling, sympathetic, Desirable learning goals, Extra coaching classes.

Everyone has a different way of thinking, and different abilities and skills to solve problems. The learning process in this article was guided by the Sternberg thinking style inventory (1997). The primary purpose of this study was to develop the better understanding of the concepts to determine the correct accomplishment of the task at hand. Studying different ways of thinking may help students find the best way to develop their true abilities and realize how effective to use teaching and learning is. Sternberg categorizes the thinking expertise into interior, legislative, hierarchical, judicial, oligarchical, executive and foreign affairs oriented. This study aimed to examine the thinking style and problem-solving skills of secondary school students and their relationships with them. Further, describe how students use their thinking style and problem-solving strategies to solve the problems. Jean Piaget's cognitive learning theory helped to understand the thinking styles and problem-solving strategies. There are many methods secondary school students use to solve problems such as brainstorming, reducing, root-cause analysis, etc. The study consisted of two phases, the psychometric analysis coming first and the substantive analysis coming second. We collected data in two phases in this study. The first phase of the study evaluated the learning styles of 20 students from different educational backgrounds using Robert Sternberg's questionnaire. In the second phase, we use pre-testing and post-testing methods to check the students' understanding of problem-solving. Using SPSS, the data was analyzed and a significant relationship was found between the problem-solving ability and thinking style of secondary school students. Thinking style, problem solving strategies, legislative, judicial, Sternberg theory.

Abstract Pakistan’s education system is struggling to cope with challenges related to school dropouts, increase in literacy rate and decrease in rate of out of school children. Like every other country Pakistan has also devised plans and kept it as part of educational policies so this problem can be solved. School dropout rate at elementary level is less than primary and secondary level. But it is alarming in this era of advance technologies. The mixed method research approach was used to explore the primary reasons of elementary school dropout. A questionnaire developed and validated for to collect data from elementary school teachers and open-ended interview sessions were arranged with the parents of students dropped out of schools. there are two important elements in students’ life e.g., Parents and Teachers. The teachers say they have good teacher students’ relationships and scarcity of the physical resources could be the reason for elementary school dropout. Parents believe that their survival is important and to survive in the world they had to withdraw their children from school to earn them financial resources. These parents don’t find it easy but they are satisfied with their decisions. Keywords: School dropout, Parents perception, Teachers’ perception, reasons for dropout, out of school children, Elementary grade students.

The present study was designed to find out relationship of gender norms and gender stereotypes with self-concept. 150 participants were selected through non-probability purposive sampling technique. Correlational research design was used to analyze the current study hypotheses. Gender-Equitable Scale (Pulerwitz, et al., 2008), Robson’s Scale of Self Concept (Robson, 1989), and Gender Stereotyping Scale is developed by Gunter & Wober (1982) were used to operationalize the construct of gender norms, self-concept and gender stereotypes, respectively. Findings of Pearson product moment correlation showed that gender norms and gender stereotypes were significantly and positively correlated with self-concept of students. Findings of hierarchical regression analysis showed that gender stereotypes played significant moderating role in relationship between gender norms and self-concept. Keywords: Gender norms, Self-concept, Gender stereotypes, Gender difference, Hierarchical regression.

The management of schools is playing vital role for effective learning process for provision of quality of education, therefore, a number of schools are serving in the country. However, to run the schools in manner able way, the head teachers have been appointed in the schools with the core responsibilities. Further, the Head Teachers are using different techniques to run the school administration, management and school affairs. Moreover, the Head Teachers having different management styles which needs to work for the purpose of research work with the detailed analysis. The Head teachers during management of school faced a number of issues and problems, therefore, the Head Teacher used different management styles and ways to overcome the raised issued and problems for smooth functioning of schools. The population of the study was public schools head teachers of Faisalabad district. The sample was selected through multistage sampling technique. And finally, the sample was taken from 7 public schools of Tehsil Samundri district Faisalabad. From each school, one teacher and head teacher were selected for data collection by purposive sampling technique and data analyzed through descriptive statistics frequency, mean and percentage tests applied. Finding of the study, the Leadership roles played vital role in the operational, administrative, academic achievement and quality of education matters of school for head teachers. The leadership also played effective role for the school improvement. The head teachers of public schools should follow effective leadership and management styles for smooth functioning of schools and learning process. KEYWORDS: School management, Administration, Quality education, Head teachers, management styles.

A smartphone is a device that has colorful display, internet connectivity and other fascinating features. The purpose of current study was to evaluate depression, anxiety and smartphone addiction in Thal University Bhakkar students. The need to study smartphone addiction was strongly required because of the associated factors like anxiety and depression. This research study examined the university students' physical, mental, and social behavior in addition to the incidence of smartphone addiction. In this respect, anxiety and smartphone addiction scales and depression was measured by using analytical tool Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) during study. The current study was carried out by using quantitative research method. Data was collected from 100 students of Thal University Bhakkar by using simple random sampling technique. It was found that excessive use of smartphone can lead to depression and anxiety due to the issues of sleep deprivation and sadness. It was recommended that the students who have the symptoms of depression and anxiety should be aware of the vulnerability to developing a smartphone addiction. Keywords: Smartphone Addiction, Depression, Anxiety, Internet, Bhakkar, Regression analysis.

The purpose of the study was to explore the outstanding and exceptional academic success of secondary and higher secondary school students from underprivileged families from the perspective of their inspiration, community culture, and the challenging situations they faced. The population of the study consisted of 174 top-position holders of secondary and higher secondary school students from underprivileged families in the Sahiwal division out of which twelve students were selected through purposive sampling. The researchers conducted semi-structured interviews using a narrative ethnographic approach. After collecting and transcribing the data; codes, categories and themes were derived and results were presented thematically. Most of the participants were inspired ‘internally’ or ‘externally’, faced challenging situations successfully, and admired the supportive role of the community to achieve their success. The results will be helpful for government institutes, policymakers, donor agencies, student welfare organizations, and people who intend to work for the betterment of students. Keywords: Academic success, Underprivileged families, Inspiration, Community culture, Challenging situations.

Abstract Suicide is an alarming point that brings a lot of negative changes, not only in individual behavior but also damages society. The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of suicide survival regarding suicide attempts. The theoretical framework of the current study was based on the Anomic Theory of suicide stated by Emile Durkheim. The qualitative research methodology was adopted to investigate the research questions. The sample was selected through the purposive sampling technique. The sample consisted of 15 suicide survivors from Malakand Division KP , their respective one teacher, one fellow from peer group, and one family member of suicide survivor. Data was collected through in-depth interviews. The obtained data were analyzed through the thematic analysis. The results of the study indicate that the majority of the suicide survivors belong to middle-class families. There are multiple indicators of suicide among these suicide victims. Major causes of suicide were low self-esteem, a lack of knowledge, a lack of self-confidence, a lack of patience, failure in an exam, and a mental health problem. The findings also indicate that one problem was common among all suicide survivors, and that was parental pressure due to low academic marks. They had no courage to face their families, so they attempted suicide. To address this shocking issue is to provide coordinated and multi-sector (primary, secondary, and tertiary) preventative activities aimed at reducing these risk factors. Population-based approaches (such as mental health promotion, education, awareness through campaigns on mental resilience, careful media coverage, and parental education and high-risk subgroup-specific approaches (such as specialized school-based programs). Keywords: Suicide survivor, Causes of suicide, Prevention/ Remedies of suicide, Parents’ Expectation.

Abstract Many studies have found positive and significant relationship between students' attendance and their academic success. Personal experiences of researchers as university teachers and an initial conversation with colleagues, however, found that students’ attendance is not up to the mark in public sector universities of Southern Punjab. Considering the importance of the theme, this study mainly investigates university students’ attendance and truancy behaviors, followed by examining the nature, motives and reasons for these behaviors. This study further suggests the solutions for improving university students’ attendance and truancy behaviors. This research employed survey design. For this study, 25160 students at a large sized general university (Bahauddin Zakariya, University, Multan) from southern Punjab of Pakistan were taken as a population. A total of 317 students were selected as a sample using multistage cluster sampling technique. A closed-ended Students’ Attendance and Truancy Behaviors (SATB) questionnaire was developed, based on the relevant literature, and primarily adapted from Freiberg’s (1998) “Tool 9: Attendance Survey”. It comprised 36 statements. The Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient for five-point rating scale statements was 0.89. In alignment with nature of data and research questions, the frequencies, percentages, mean, and the standard deviations were calculated. This study observed that only less than one fourth university students are never late in taking their classes every, while remaining majority of them are late to their classes either one-two times, three-four times or almost every day. This study indicated that tendency of students' behaviors for late arrival to their classes is far more than their tendencies of missing an entire day of their studies at the university Keywords: Attendance, Truancy, Behaviors, University, Motives, Reasons.

This study aims to investigate the province-wise literacy rate of Pakistan and its impact on the country's economy. Pakistan has struggled with low literacy rates, which can be attributed to a lack of investment in the education sector and a lack of technological advancements. The study reveals that literacy rates have a significant impact on a country's national income measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, cultural factors, gender inequality, low GDP per capita, political instability, and terrorism have hindered the progress of improving literacy rates. In this study, we discuss the differences, causes, and potential solutions related to province-wise literacy rates in Pakistan. The study provides insights into how increasing literacy rates can contribute to the country's economic growth and development. The research highlights the need for policymakers to invest in the education sector and address the cultural and societal issues that impede literacy rate growth. Overall, this study offers valuable information to policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders interested in improving literacy rates and promoting economic growth in Pakistan. Keywords: Education; national income; Province wise literacy rate; public expenditure; Pakistan

Abstract Research in the context of Pakistan has indicated that parents are disenfranchised by the educational system since they have no idea how to actively participate in the schools. The primary objective of this study was to explore the key hurdles to parental participation in government male primary schools in Batkhela, Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The problem was investigated using a qualitative case study research design. For data collection, semi-structure interviews were conducted with 13 teachers in two government primary schools at Batkhela Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. For data analysis, thematic analysis technique was used. The data was collected, transcribed and analyzed based on coding and categorizing the themes. Based on the analysis, the study found that lack of interest, parental profession, lack of awareness, checking home-work, were the major hurdles that prevented active parental participation in education. It is concluded that way to make the parents get involved in their child learning process is sending letters to parents, because, sending letters about children’s’ strong and weak areas their parents, then parents compel them to come into school and discuss with teachers. Keywords: Parental involvement, Primary school, Awareness, Barriers, Teacher perspectives

Abstract The present study was aimed to explore quality of academic research focusing on prevailing practices of research supervisor and supervisee. The study was qualitative in nature opting phenomenology within interpretive paradigm. The population of the study consisted of all supervisors and supervisees at post graduate research from HEC recognized public universities located in Lahore. Two supervisors and two supervisees were selected from the faculty of social sciences of two public universities purposively A total of four supervisors and four supervisees were accessed to conduct interviews. Two separate interview protocols for supervisors and supervisees were self-developed based on quality benchmarks for research and problems of researchers. Thematic analysis of interviews was conducted through inductive approach and open coding. The study explored that quality of research depends upon a mutual and consistent relationship of both supervisor and supervisees. Taking responsibility of the research by the supervisee eases out the research process whereas facilitation on the part of supervisors enhances its quality. Supervisors’ professional development and supervisees’ research skills help for latest and innovative methods of research. It is concluded that the supervisor and supervisee must work together to complete the student research project on time because they share equal responsibility for its effective and quality completion and both with frequent meetings, sharing of knowledge, opting latest techniques, and collaborating with other resource persons can contribute to the quality of research. Keywords: Academic Research, expectations, prevailing practices, Supervision.

In recent years, many PhD graduates in Pakistan have protested against the government due to the lack of job opportunities and it has received much attention in the academia. This study aimed to explore the experiences of unemployed Pakistani PhD graduates and attempts to investigate how the government addresses their situation. Twelve jobless PhD graduates (both male and female) participated and they were selected through snowball sampling. Employing qualitative approach, the researchers used open-ended questions in the form of semi-structured interviews to collect data. They used the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach to analyze the data in five stages, as outlined by Smith and Osborn (2008). The results revealed five main themes related to the experiences of unemployed PhD graduates: employment demand and supply, favoritism and politics, financial crisis and job mismatch, academic career requirements, and societal pressure and financial rights. Despite high hopes for a promising career, newly qualified PhD graduates struggled to find employment opportunities in Pakistan. The study reveals an imbalance between the demand for and supply of PhD graduates in the job market. This study is assumed to contribute to the existing literature and provides support mechanisms for jobless PhD graduates and policy-makers. Keywords: Higher Education, Demand and Supply, Academic Career, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) approach, Pakistan.

Pakistan is a country with a population of more than 100 million young people. The insightful channelization of the enormous energy owed by this young segment of society through the development of the right skills can effectively contribute to the rapid economic development of the country. An understanding of desires, aspirations, and motivations as well as the knowledge of challenges and limitations faced by these young people while planning for their career path is very important to create a conducive environment and facilitate the formulation of the right policies for these youngsters. The study is an effort to systematically explore various aspects involved in the decision-making process of urban youth in our society. The investigation of the role and effect of personnel, social, cultural, and economic factors as well as popular concepts in society about privileged professions is part of the research. By using a simple random sampling technique 05 universities out of 23 universities in Islamabad were selected and then by using a purposive sampling technique 400 respondents were accessed, however, the final responses got back from 270 accompanied by 67.5% response rate for the current study. A quantitative approach was applied to meet the study objectives by using a questionnaire as a study tool for university students in Islamabad-Pakistan. The findings of the study are likely to contribute to a better understanding of youth policymaking and support students to optimize career decisions in line with their personal motivations and societal goals. Keywords: Career choices, Career planning, Urban youth, Counseling, Financial support, Peers Encouragement, Job market.

Flipped Classroom Instruction is based on the concept of blended learning where students get familiar with the content at home and work on activities through it during class time. It helps to effectively use the class time for working on higher-order thinking skills. In this study, flipped classroom modules were developed for an undergraduate course. For one undergraduate course, eight modules were developed based on eight units of the course. Each module consisted of different sections depending upon the number and the nature of topics covered in each unit. Each section consisted of seven segments: learning outcomes, resources at home, scaffolding, class quiz, class activity, feedback, and further reading resources/task(s). The ‘learning resources at home’ which were used included chapters/pages from the reference books, YouTube/pre-recorded videos, class notes, and the website content. The class quiz and class activities were based on the pre-class readings (i.e., learning resources at home). The role expectations of teacher and students were clearly stated in class activity segment. There was a reflection form at the end of each section. After completing the modules, the responses of the students collected in the form of qualitative data were positive about various segments. They perceived that the modules helped them to understand and apply the course concepts. The challenges related to the student role in class tasks and the out-of-class readings were dealt by adding more clarity and practice time in class tasks and by providing instructional videos with subtitles. It is recommended to adopt the structure of flipped classroom module keeping in view the context, nature of the subject and the characteristics of the students. Keywords: Flipped Classroom (FC), blended learning, higher-order thinking skills, class routine, learning experiences, modules, instructional videos, teacher-student interaction

Curriculum development is the need of every society according to its philosophical needs. Peace in society is a basic need for human beings and their overall development. The study was designed to analyze peace education in the curriculum of ‘Educational Psychology’ at B.Ed. (Hons) Elementary 4 years. Qualitative research design for the study was adopted to achieve the research objectives. The curriculum approved of Educational Psychology for the 5th semester by the Higher Education Commission (Pakistan) in 2012 was analyzed. Braun and Clark recommended procedure in 2006 was adopted for content analysis. A tool was developed containing a list of all three aspects of peace education. The validation of the tool was ensured through experts’ opinions while reliability was established through Experts’ peer reliability process. Peace education themes were analyzed and further explained. Peace education has not been satisfactorily focused and the theme-wise analysis revealed that the frequency of peace knowledge themes addressed in the content were two out of nine (22%), peace values five out of 12 (41%) and peace skills three out of eight (37%). The unit-wise analysis revealed that two units out of five (40%) addressed peace knowledge while three out of five units (60%) addressed peace values and three out of five units (60%) were related to peace skills. It was concluded that a very small portion of the content addressed peace education and its subsidiary themes and recommended a review of the curriculum and giving an equal ratio to all themes in the content of Educational Psychology. Keywords: Castro and Galace Model of Peace Education, Educational Psychology curriculum, Content Analysis, Teacher Education, Higher Education Commission,

The massive lockdown prompted widespread concern and affected education worldwide during COVID19 pandemic. Universities in the majority of countries were closed as well, and teaching was shifted on online mode to ensure continuity of educational process. This condition expedited online teaching acceptance, forcing educational stakeholders to embrace this mode as an alternate choice. The extensive use of online teaching and learning has resulted in a substantial shift in education around the world. This transformation, however, has posed larger issues for developing countries, such as Pakistan, where impediments for both instructors and students are more obvious. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify the perceived impediments to online teaching that university teachers experienced. A quantitative survey research design was adopted to investigate the teachers’ experiences. An online survey was administered and total 160 teachers belong to different faculties at the University of Sargodha. To draw significant insights, chi square and multiple regression analysis was used. The study's findings revealed numerous important limitations encountered by teachers in the field of online teaching, such as insufficient faculty training for online instruction and assessment, technophobia, and lack of resources. In the light of these results, it was concluded that countering these impediments, in case of facing Covid-19 pandemic like situation, requires a holistic approach that includes both theoretical principles and practical support systems, like, improving teachers training programs and providing enough IT resources for successful online teaching process. Keywords: Post Covid-19, Online teaching, Attitude, Teachers’ training program, Pakistan, University

The current study was focused on investigating the psychometric properties of the “Juvenile Vindication Scale (JVS)” in juvenile delinquents. Primarily, phenomenology was explored by asking an open-ended question for the item generation of the juvenile vindication scale. Further, the content validity of the scale was determined through expert evaluation and then piloting testing was conducted to measure the suitability and user-friendliness of the developed scale. Lastly, a sample of 211 juvenile delinquents with the age range of 10-17 (M = 9.86, SD=11.92) was administered the Juvenile Vindication Scale and Measure of Criminal Social Identity Scale (Boduszek et al., 2012). The results of exploratory factor analysis extracted a four-factor solution, namely Exoneration, Refutation, Extenuation, and Incrimination. The results indicated that JVS was found to have satisfactory internal consistency, reliability (ranged from .62 to .82), and concurrent validity (r = .45, p < .01). The outcomes of the current study systematically provide substantial information and make provision for the application of the Vindication of Juvenile Delinquents of Pakistan and are discussed in terms of cultural inferences. KEYWORDS: Juveniles, Delinquents, Vindication, Social identity, Pakistan.

Grades are standards and indicators to reflect student learning effects in institutes around the world. Grades play an important role in considering a student's performance while recruiting or admitting learners to higher educational institutional. However, current researches in educational system have showing an extensive procedure of Inflation in grades that lays a straight pressure on integrity and liability of university’s values of superiority and their leaners. Key objective of this investigative study was, therefore, to examine presence of Inflation in grades in higher educational institutes. To accomplish the goal of this study, descriptive research strategy was used by the researcher. The quantitative technique sustained by qualitative data collecting practice was used to gather data. For the determination of presence of inflation in grades, two ways were implemented. First, longitudinal investigation of tendencies in learners’ grades was carried out. Secondly, variance between learners’ achievement in teacher made test [TMT] and researcher made test [RMT]. For this purpose, firstly, the record of learners acquiring accepted CGPAs and consistent grades of 36 departments of BS-4 year’s programs of five sessions (i.e. 2012-2016) of 3 Universities of Punjab were gathered from Controller of Examination office. Secondly, the information of learner’s grades received from the scores in teacher made test [TMT] and researcher made test [RMT] in 14 departments of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan was collected. The collected data was analyzed by percentage and t- test is used to find the difference in TMT and RMT. Findings of study revealed that the overall longitudinal investigation of trend in student’s final grade, A and B grades being awarded more than C grade, increased CGPAs and percentage alteration in level of high grades of A, B and C in 36 departments of three different universities of Punjab is indication of usual high inflation in grades. Better scores in RMT as related to TMT exposed a significant difference among the mean scores and also clearly seen that inflation in grades existed in both groups at university level. Keywords: Grades, Cumulative grade points, Longitudinal analysis, Inflation.

Abstract Teaching practices influence the learning process, activities, and students' satisfaction. The current study investigates students' perceived learning satisfaction with different teaching strategies practiced by university teachers in the Punjab. The ex-post facto study was conducted using survey research by selecting 510 students and 55 university teachers through multi-stage random sampling. Self-developed instruments, namely, Identification of Prospective Teachers' Learning Satisfaction and Practiced Teaching Strategies, were employed to test null hypotheses. A paired samples t-test was applied, and one-way ANOVA was used to determine overall similarities and dissimilarities in learning satisfaction with identified teaching strategies. It was found that discussion in the classroom, verbal presentations, question and answer, lecturing, and writing assignments were often practiced teaching strategies. Students were most satisfied with discussion in the classroom, traditional Lecturing, and verbal presentations and least satisfied with writing assignments. Thus, teaching strategies had a different impact on learning satisfaction. The study has implications for selecting appropriate teaching strategies and emphasizes increased students' learning satisfaction through interactive teaching strategies. Keywords: Learning motivation, learning attitude, Learning interest, prospective teacher, teacher educator, teaching strategy.

This article examines the challenges faced by parents raising hearing and speech-impaired children in Charsadda, KPK Pakistan. It highlights emotional distress, societal stigma, communication barriers, limited special education institutions, lack of inclusive education, financial constraints, healthcare difficulties, and uncertainty about future education. Medical treatment and consultation with doctors also create hurdles for parents. Furthermore, their parents are passing through psychological and emotional distress especially their mothers while attending family gatherings and different functions. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the social model of disability. The study used qualitative research methods, interviewing twenty families and conducting a thematic analysis. Recommendations include establishing dedicated support systems, improving healthcare accessibility, promoting community involvement, advocating for government initiatives, collaborating with NGOs, and organizing parental empowerment workshops. Addressing these collaborations is crucial to enhancing the well-being and prospects of hearing and speech-impaired children and their families. Keywords: Social stigma, Sign language, Inclusive education, Special education institutions, Emotional distress, Communication barriers

This study endeavored to predict the entrepreneurial intent by addressing the perception of desirability and feasibility by employing the integration of the theory of planned behavior and the entrepreneurial event model. Perceived desirability included; personal attraction towards entrepreneurship, and perceived social norms whereas, the perceived feasibility included perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. This study also examined the mediating impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy (a part of perceived feasibility) among undergraduate medical students. It was an explanatory study since it was a hypothetical study. The cross-sectional data were collected from a sample size of 278 respondents through an adopted survey questionnaire from undergraduate medical students. SPSS-26 and AMOS-26 were used as data analysis tools. By employing the SEM technique, it was found that perceived desirability (personal attraction towards entrepreneurship, perceived social norms) and perceived feasibility (perceived behavioral control) are substantial interpreters of entrepreneurial intent, while self-efficacy (a part of perceived feasibility) mediates the relationships. The findings are encouraging for the policymakers of the healthcare industry to devise policies for promoting training to boost entrepreneurship and self-development. Possibly, it will dwindle unemployment and append to the entrepreneurship literature. The study supports accomplishing the socio-economic amplification by redirecting medical student’s intention for entrepreneurship. Keywords: Entrepreneurial Intent, Perceived Desirability, Perceived Feasibility, Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy.

The wide array of programs, specializations, and campus cultures can overwhelm students, making it challenging for them to confidently select the best fit. Students often face a significant level of indecisiveness when it comes to making decisions about university admissions. This uncertainty stems from various factors, including the access of available options and the pressure to make the right choice. The current study was aimed to explore the factors affecting students’ indecisiveness regarding university admission. Further, to investigate the relationship among the variables which influenced the indecisiveness of students regarding their admission in university. An adapted questionnaire from Jung (2011) was used to collect data after getting his written permission. The data was collected from 520 prospective university students from 10 Degree Colleges of Central Punjab. Furthermore, it explored the relationship between the variables such as recognition for university entry, expectancy of university success, social family influence, enjoyment/interest of university study, desirable occupation and perceived income due to university study with indecisiveness regarding university admission. Only three factors such as expectancy for university success, enjoyment and interest of university study, social family influence had significant relationship with indecisiveness regarding university admission. While the other three factors including recognition for university success, desirable occupation and perceived income due to university study had no significant relationship with indecisiveness regarding university admission. The findings of the current study were contradictory to that of Jung (2011) which was conducted in Australian context. The difference might be due to socio-cultural differences in Pakistan and Australia. The indecisiveness among students regarding their admission could be minimized through awareness, guidance and career counselling. Keywords: Indecisiveness, Recognition for University entry, Expectancy, Social family influence

This study was conducted to peruse and analyze the experiences of physically handicapped students studying at different Higher Education Institutions in Lahore regarding social marginalization and exclusion. Physically handicapped students are an integral part of the population and their experiences and problems need to be studied. The researchers then conducted the requisite in-depth study into the matter concerned. A detailed interview constituted of open-ended questions was employed to garner the required information from a sample of 30 respondents studying at numerous Higher Education Institutions in Lahore. Their responses were subjected to scrupulous thematic analysis and the ensuing results aligned with the opinions of the researchers. The disabled students of these institutions are indeed marginalized and are at risk of being socially excluded. There is a need for resolving and alleviating their problems and the urgency of this need can’t be underemphasized. Keywords: Disabled, Social Exclusion Theory, Higher Education, Stigma theory, Social Marginalization, Exclusion.

Child labour among school children is a critical issue which effects their education and future success. This research study was focused on identifying the presence of labour activities among public school children, analyzing the labour factor with the chance/risk of school dropout and to assessing the prospects of school social workers in public schools particularly in facilitating the school children. A Mixed method approach with convergent parallel design was adopted. Total 100 students from grade 6 and grade 10 from public schools of tehsil City, district Lahore were selected by using proportional stratified random sampling technique. For qualitative part, teachers and parents of the students were interviewed. The inclusion Criteria for the students was poor attendance and poor grades. Result of this study indicates that students who were involved in labour had 1.83 times more chances to dropout from school as compared to those who were not involved in labour. This study suggests that the education policy should recognize the challenges confronted by students and should introduce school social work to address these issues. Keywords: Child labour, School Attendance, Academic Achievement, School Dropout, School Social Work.

Academic stress is a common issue among students that strongly affects students’ mental health and academic outcomes. In order to determine the impact of academic stress on students’ emotional wellbeing and academic performance, this study, being quantitative in nature, was carried out in two public-sector universities, namely; University of Sargodha and University of Peshawar and a total sample of 800 students (i.e., 400 students from each university) were taken from both. All the students at the graduate and postgraduate levels made up the total population of the study. The study found that academic stress carried a significant impact on students’ emotional wellbeing and their academic performance. The study also found that students from both universities experienced an equal level of academic stress, which carried a significant impact on their emotional well-being and academic performance. The female students were more likely to face academic stress than the male students. Students of BS programs were much more prone to academic stress than M.Phil. and PhD students who studied physics experienced more academic stress than the students of chemistry, sociology and management sciences. Furthermore, students who were in their fourth year of studies were more likely to experience academic stress, emotional distress, and academic destruction as compared to the students in their 3rd, 2nd, and 1st years. In conclusion, the study revealed a substantial impact of academic stress on students’ emotional wellbeing and academic performance, with significant variations based on gender, academic program, subject, and year of study. Keywords: Academic stress, Emotional well-being, Academic performance, University of Peshawar, University of Sargodha.

Health is a state of complete psychological, physical, and social well-being. To gain a healthy life, one must have a balanced diet and has to exercise regularly. The knowledge and promotion of healthy eating habits is a key component of health promotion strategies. Poor eating habits, like consuming excessive junk food and late-night eating, can lead to many health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, destroyed appetite, high obesity, and depression. The present study is designed to examine the relationship between health promotion literacy, healthy eating habits, and junk food behavior among educated youth in Punjab, Pakistan. A quantitative research design was used. A well-structured questionnaire was developed by using 3 adapted scales, including the All Aspects of Health Literacy Scale (AAHLS), the Eating Habits Questionnaire, and the Diet and Behavior Scale (DABS), for data collection. The study utilized a sample of 310 university students from Sargodha, Lahore, and Islamabad. The data were analyzed using correlation, regression, and the Chi-square test through SPSS software. Findings revealed that high levels of health promotion literacy were associated with reduced junk food behavior and increased adoption of healthy eating habits among educated youth in Punjab, Pakistan. This study identified the significance of health literacy and its promotion and proposed interventions to improve health literacy services, expand understanding about nutrition, and empower educated young people to make good decisions related to their dietary practices. Keywords: Health Promotion Literacy, Nutrition Knowledge, Dietary Behavior, Junk Food, Eating behavior

With the rise of online interaction among young people, cyberbullying has become a pressing issue. Key social influences like friends, family, and university figures significantly shape adolescent behavior in this digital space. This research delves into the root causes, environments, and conditions that contribute to cyberbullying, along with the coping mechanisms employed by victims and the aftereffects of those strategies. To investigate these questions, researchers collected data from a randomized sample of 200 students. The self-developed questionnaire was divided into four parts with 32 questions about cyberbullying and 8 questions about the students themselves, i.e. age, gender, program, social media involvement, and physical & mental health. This helped them see if things like mental health or social media use affected the answers. To keep everything anonymous, they assigned codes to each survey instead of using names. They compared answers from different groups of students to see if there were any differences. This study is important because it can help us figure out how to stop teens from misusing technology and getting cyberbullied. Additionally, it aims to give the public the right direction to overcome cyberbullying if it happens to them. Keywords: Peer support, cyberbullying, university students, recovery, reforms, higher education.

Cultivation theory posits that heavy exposure to violent media content can lead to increased aggressive behavior, as well as heightened anxiety and fear regarding personal safety, particularly among young people. This study investigates these effects by focusing on the impact of violent TV news on sensitization, insecurity, mistrust, and fear among Pakistani youth. Adopting a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional research design, data was collected from 518 students (both male and female) across 12 public sector universities in Pakistan. The findings support the tenets of Cultivation Theory, showing that exposure to violent TV news sensitizes youth and cultivates a perception of an unsafe world. Additionally, the study identifies a significant rise in anxiety, depression, fear, mistrust, and insecurity among university students, with female participants exhibiting greater sensitivity to these effects than their male counterparts. These results underscore the critical need for awareness and intervention strategies to mitigate the negative psychological impacts of violent media content on young individuals. Keywords: Television, News, Sensitization, Fear, Anxiety, Mistrust, Advocacy against violence, Well-being

Females face challenges in balancing their professional responsibilities with their family responsibilities. Work-family conflict (WFC) always remained a critical area of study. It has profound implications for organizational behavior and employee well-being. This research study investigated the impact of WFC on the job performance (JP) of female university employees. Using a causal-comparative research design, the focus of the study was the female teaching staff working in Islamabad public sector universities. The participants of the study were 300 female university teachers, providing data on the Work Family Conflict Scale and the Job Performance Scale. Data were analyzed using regressions model. Findings revealed a significant negative correlation between work family conflict and job performance. It underscored the importance of addressing work-family conflicts to enhance organizational outcomes and the effectiveness in the performance of the employees. The recommendations were given about the implementation of tailored support mechanisms such as in-service training and counseling so that female university employees can be assisted in effectively managing work-family conflicts. KEYWORDS: Job Performance, Higher Education, Work Family Conflict, Islamabad, Female Teachers.

Pursuing doctoral studies is a challenging journey, and the higher education institutions where doctoral students are registered should support this endeavor. The present study aims to navigate doctoral students' journey of pursuing their studies in two different institutes when they had to migrate from one university to another for specific reasons. A phenomenological approach was employed to examine doctoral students’ lived experiences of migrating to another university. Eleven doctoral students were selected purposively and were approached for data collection through a semi-structured interview guide. Six doctoral students were from the field of studies in arts, social science, and language, and the remaining participants were studying in physical science disciplines for the last two semesters before they migrated to other universities. The data was analyzed following the steps given by Smith et al. (2009). After the analysis of the data, three themes were identified: migrating to another university, challenges and coping strategies, and expectations from the ‘new’ university. The findings show that doctoral students faced various academic, social, and financial problems in their first university, and they were not supported in integrating, keeping in view their academic and personal challenges. Thus, they had to migrate to other universities with ‘new’ expectations and hopes. The study has implications for the public and private sector universities, which are required to restructure their support system that may facilitate students in fulfilling their academic requirements and financial needs and allow them to integrate into the universities. Keywords: Financial needs, doctoral students, Phenomology study, support mechanism, academic integration.

Individuals develop their self-image based on others’ responses as well as their perception of how others see and judge them (Cooley, 1902). Cooley’s looking-glass self was applied on school education to determine whether teachers (as reflective mirrors) play a role in shaping students’ self-esteem and academic self-concept through positive feedback and academic support. This quantitative study was cross-sectional survey in design. All secondary-level students in Sargodha division were the total population of study. A sample of 400 students was drawn from Thesil Mianwali through multistage sampling. Data were collected through four self-developed scales with a total of 37 Likert scale items. The study found significant relationships between teachers’ positive feedback and support and students’ self-esteem and their academic self-concept. Additionally, students’ self-esteem played a mediating role in relationships between teachers’ positive feedback and students’ academic self-concept and teachers’ support and students’ academic self-concept. In conclusion, students who received positive feedback and support from teachers were more likely to develop self-esteem and academic self-concept. Moreover, students’ self-esteem was found important as it played a mediating role in strengthening students’ academic self-concept. Students’ increased academic self-concept may ultimately enhance their academic performance. Keywords: Charles Horton Cooley; looking-glass self; teacher’s feedback, academic support, self-esteem

Inclusive education promotes the integration of students with special needs alongside their peers in regular classrooms, fostering both social and academic development. While enrollment in mainstream schools is a foundational step, effective inclusion requires continuous monitoring, strategic planning, adequate resources, and dedicated support. This longitudinal study explored the impact of customized training programs on the integration of children with intellectual disabilities into mainstream schools. The study involved 15 students and employed both formal and informal assessments to evaluate individual progress. Each student was supported through a personalized Individualized Education Plan (IEP), tailored to their specific needs. Detailed performance outcomes were documented through case studies. Following a phase of pre-inclusive classes, most students demonstrated cognitive improvement and were successfully reintegrated into mainstream classrooms with improved behavioral control. Follow-up assessments were conducted post-integration to monitor long-term outcomes. This research highlights the effectiveness of modified instructional strategies and aims to inform both regular and special education teachers on best practices for facilitating inclusive education, ultimately supporting the full societal participation of students with intellectual disabilities. Keywords: Inclusive Education, Customized training, intellectually delayed children, ADHD, Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)